![]() ![]() With respect to the Navy active sonar project designated Artemis, to run from 1958 to 1963, an understanding of the ocean environment was vital. A particular area of investigation was whether an active system could be developed with the power and directivity to exploit ocean zones the passive system being installed might not. It also focused on the need to understand the ocean environment. ![]() Much of the study focused on undersea warfare and the need for nuclear anti-submarine submarines but also, in looking at SOSUS, recommended research and development of potential long range, active sonar systems. Admiral Burke was particularly concerned with the threat of Soviet nuclear submarines in light of the capabilities of the nuclear submarine Nautilus had been demonstrated. In 1956, as the last of the Atlantic SOSUS systems were being installed, Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Arleigh Burke convened a summer study similar to the Hartwell study designated the Nobska Study coordinated by the Committee on Undersea Warfare. The Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS), its name and purpose classified, was given the unclassified name Project Caesar to cover its development and maintenance. submarine an order for six such systems was issued in 1952. A test array was laid in the Bahamas off Eleuthera and upon successful tests with a U.S. By 13 November 1950 a letter contract had been issued to Western Electric to develop the bottom array system exploiting low frequencies. Following the recommendations the Navy established a study under Massachusetts Institute of Technology auspices designated Project Hartwell which in 1950 recommended development of a long range passive acoustic detection system. The Navy approached the National Science Foundation's Committee for Undersea Warfare for advice. As a result of the threat being considered high risk sonic detection became a top priority. Navy to examine the threat of Soviet submarines which had been improved by captured German technology. World War II experience prompted the U.S. Though Artemis failed the final test and resulted in no operational system, it set the agenda for research in ocean acoustics and engineering such systems for the future. The 1440-element active array had a one megawatt acoustic output (180 dB) with a center frequency of 400 Hz. The active source array was to be suspended at 1,000 m (3,280.8 ft) to 1,050 m (3,444.9 ft) from the former tanker Mission Capistrano. The laboratory was then the Bermuda Research Detachment of the Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory. The receiving array terminated at Argus Island, built on the seamount's top, with data processed at the laboratory that was also constructed for the project. The modules, attached to ten lines of cable, were 57 ft (17.4 m) masts with floats on top to keep them upright. The receiving array was a field of modules forming a three dimensional array laid from 1961 to 1963 on the slopes of a seamount, the Plantagenet Bank ( 31★9′00″N 65☁1′00″W / 31.983333°N 65.183333°W / 31.983333 -65.183333), off Bermuda. Artemis receiving field array module as implemented 1963.
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